Economists have warned that the U.S. and the EU failing to reach a deal would have repercussions for companies and consumers on both sides of the Atlantic.
FRANKFURT (ODER), Germany — The European Union expects to find out on Monday
whether President Donald Trump will impose punishing
tariffs on
America’s largest trade partner in a move economists have warned would have repercussions for companies and consumers on both sides of the Atlantic.
Trump imposed a 20% import tax on all EU-made products in early April as part of a set
of tariffs targeting countries with which the
United States has
a trade imbalance. Hours after the nation-specific duties took effect, he put them on hold until
July 9 at a standard rate of 10% to quiet financial
markets and allow
time for negotiations.
Expressing displeasure the EU’s stance in trade talks, however,
Trump said he would increase
the tariff rate for European exports to 50%, which could make everything — from French cheese and Italian leather goods to German electronics and Spanish pharmaceuticals — much more expensive in the U.S.
The EU’s executive commission, which handles trade issues for the bloc’s 27-
member nations, said its leaders hope to
strike a deal with the
Trump administration. Without one, the EU said it was
prepared to retaliate with
tariffs on hundreds of American products, ranging from beef and auto parts to beer and
Boeing airplanes.
Here are important things to know about trade between the
United States and the European Union.
The EU’s executive commission describes the trade between the U.S. and the EU as “the most important commercial relationship in the world.”
The value of EU-U.S. trade in goods and services amounted to 1.7 trillion euros ($2 trillion) in 2024, or an average of 4.6 billion euros a day, according to EU statistics agency Eurostat.
The biggest U.S. export to
Europe is crude
oil, followed by pharmaceuticals, aircraft,
automobiles, and medical and diagnostic equipment.
Europe’s biggest exports to the U.S. are pharmaceuticals,
cars, aircraft, chemicals, medical instruments, and
wine and spirits.
Trump has complained about the EU’s 198 billion-euro trade surplus in goods, which shows Americans buy more stuff from European businesses than the
other way around.
However, American companies fill some of the gap by outselling the EU when it comes to services such as cloud computing,
travel bookings, and
legal and financial services.
The U.S. services surplus took the nation’s trade deficit with the EU down to 50 billion euros ($59 billion), which represents less than 3% of overall U.S.-EU trade.
Before
Trump returned to
office, the U.S. and the EU maintained a generally cooperative trade relationship and low tariff levels on both sides. The U.S. rate averaged 1.47% for European goods, while the EU’s averaged 1.35% for American products.
But
the White House has taken a much less friendly posture toward
the longstanding U.S. ally since February. Along with the fluctuating tariff rate on European goods
Trump has floated, the EU has been subject to his administration’s 50% tariff on steel and aluminum and a 25% tax on imported
automobiles and parts.
Trump administration officials have raised a slew of issues they want to see addressed, including agricultural barriers such as EU
health regulations that include bans on chlorine-washed chicken and hormone-treated beef.
Trump has also criticized
Europe’s value-added
taxes, which EU countries levy at the point of sale this
year at rates of 17% to 27%. But many economists see VAT as trade-neutral since they apply to domestic goods and services as well as imported ones. Because
national governments set the
taxes through
legislation, the EU has said they aren’t on the table
during trade negotiations.
“On the thorny issues of regulations,
consumer standards and
taxes, the EU and its
member states cannot give much ground,” Holger Schmieding, chief economist at Germany’s Berenberg bank, said. “They cannot change the way they run the EU’s vast internal market according to U.S. demands, which are often rooted in a faulty understanding of how the EU works.”
Economists and companies say higher
tariffs will mean higher prices for U.S. consumers on imported goods. Importers must decide how much of the extra tax costs to absorb through lower profits and how much to pass on to customers.
Mercedes-Benz dealers in the U.S. have said they are holding the line on 2025 model
year prices “until further notice.” The German automaker has a partial tariff
shield because it makes 35% of the Mercedes-Benz vehicles sold in the U.S. in Tuscaloosa, Alabama, but the company said it expects prices to undergo “significant increases” in coming years.
Simon Hunt, CEO of Italian
wine and spirits producer Campari
Group, told
investment analysts that prices could increase for some products or stay the same depending what rival companies do. If competitors raise prices, the company might decide to hold its prices on Skyy vodka or Aperol aperitif to gain market share, Hunt said.
Trump has argued that making it more difficult for foreign companies to sell in the U.S. is a way to stimulate a revival of
American manufacturing. Many companies have dismissed the idea or said it would take years to yield positive economic
benefits. However, some corporations have proved willing to
shift some production stateside.
France-based
luxury group LVMH, whose brands include Tiffany & Co., Luis Vuitton, Christian Dior and Moet & Chandon, could move some production to the
United States, billionaire CEO Bernaud Arnault said at the company’s annual meeting in April.
Arnault, who attended
Trump’s inauguration, has urged
Europe to reach a deal based on reciprocal concessions.
“If we end up with high
tariffs, … we will be forced to increase our U.S.-based production to avoid
tariffs,” Arnault said. “And if
Europe fails to negotiate intelligently, that will be the consequence for many companies. … It will be the fault of Brussels, if it comes to that.”
Some forecasts indicate the U.S.
economy would be more at risk if the negotiations fail.
Without a deal, the EU would lose 0.3% of its gross domestic product and U.S. GDP would fall 0.7%, if
Trump slaps imported goods from
Europe with
tariffs of 10% to 25%, according to a research
review by Bruegel, a think tank in Brussels.
Given the complexity of some of the issues, the two sides may arrive only at a framework deal before
Wednesday’s deadline. That would likely leave a 10% base tariff, as well as the auto, steel and aluminum
tariffs in
place until details of a formal trade agreement are ironed out.
The most likely outcome of the trade talks is that “the U.S. will agree to
deals in which it takes back its worst threats of ‘retaliatory’
tariffs well beyond 10%,” Schmieding said. “However, the road to get there could be rocky.”
The U.S. offering exemptions for some goods might smooth the path to a deal. The EU could offer to ease some regulations that
the White House views as trade barriers.
“While
Trump might be able to sell such an outcome as a ‘win’ for him, the ultimate victims of his protectionism would, of course, be mostly the U.S. consumers,” Schmieding said.
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